Phenol essay

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Properties[ edit ] Phenol is an organic compound appreciably soluble in water, with about The sodium salt of phenol, sodium phenoxideis far more water-soluble. One explanation for the increased acidity over alcohols is resonance stabilization of the phenoxide anion by the aromatic ring.

In this way, the negative charge on oxygen is delocalized on to the ortho and para carbon atoms through the pi system. Resonance structures of the phenoxide anion In support of the second explanation, the pKa of the enol of acetone in water is However, the situation changes when solvation effects are excluded.

Phenolate esters are more stable toward hydrolysis than acid anhydrides and acyl halides but are sufficiently reactive under mild conditions to facilitate the formation of amide bonds. Tautomerism[ edit ] Phenol-cyclohexadienone tautomerism Phenol exhibits keto-enol tautomerism with its unstable keto tautomer cyclohexadienone, but only a tiny fraction of phenol exists as the keto form.

Phenol therefore exists essentially entirely in the enol form. Under normal circumstances, phenoxide is more reactive at the oxygen position, but the oxygen position is a "hard" nucleophile whereas the alpha-carbon positions tend to be "soft". An image of a computed electrostatic surface of neutral phenol molecule, showing neutral regions in green, electronegative areas in orange-red, and the electropositive phenolic proton in blue.

Phenol water phase diagram: Certain combinations of phenol and water can make two solutions in one bottle. Phenol is highly reactive toward electrophilic aromatic substitution as the oxygen atom's pi electrons donate electron density into the ring. By this general approach, many groups can be appended to the ring, via halogenationacylationsulfonationand other processes.

However, phenol's ring is so strongly activated—second only to aniline —that bromination or chlorination of phenol leads to substitution on all carbon atoms ortho and para to the hydroxy group, not only on one carbon. Phenol reacts with dilute nitric acid at room temperature to give a mixture of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol while with concentrated nitric acid, more nitro groups get substituted on the ring to give 2,4,6-trinitrophenol which is known as picric acid.

Aqueous solutions of phenol are weakly acidic and turn blue litmus slightly to red. Phenol is easily neutralized by sodium hydroxide forming sodium phenate or phenolate, but being weaker than carbonic acidit cannot be neutralized by sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate to liberate carbon dioxide.

This is an example of the Schotten-Baumann reaction: Compared to most other processes, the cumene process uses relatively mild synthesis conditions, and relatively inexpensive raw materials. However, to operate economically, there must be demand for both phenol, and the acetone by-product.

ExxonMobil developed a process in which benzene is hydroalkylated to cyclohexylbenzene. This latter product is oxidized to a hydroperoxide and then cleaved to phenol and cyclohexanone. Cyclohexanone is an important reaction intermediate for making nylon. Phenol is also a recoverable byproduct of coal pyrolysis.

Condensation with acetone gives bisphenol-Aa key precursor to polycarbonates and epoxide resins.

Phenol Research Papers - yunusemremert.com

Condensation of phenol, alkylphenols, or diphenols with formaldehyde gives phenolic resinsa famous example of which is Bakelite. Partial hydrogenation of phenol gives cyclohexanonea precursor to nylon. Nonionic detergents are produced by alkylation of phenol to give the alkylphenolse.

Medical[ edit ] Phenol once was widely used as an antiseptic, its use pioneered by Joseph Lister see History section.Design Analysis of Phenol Essay  Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH.

It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. Phenol, also known as phenolic acid, is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C 6 H 5 OH.

It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. The molecule consists of a phenyl group (−C 6 H 5) bonded to a hydroxy group (−OH). It is mildly acidic and requires careful handling due to its propensity to cause chemical burns.

International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 4, April 1 ISSN yunusemremert.com Review on Research for Removal of Phenol from.

Identification of Alcohols and Phenols - Lab Report

Human exposure to phenol results in the irritation of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Chronic effects due to phenol exposure can be anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, vertigo, salivation, and a dark coloration of the urine. Phenol is one of the most widely used organic compounds in existence.

These phenolic compounds have high toxicity to most of the micro organisms, plants, fish and animals which can cause considerable damage to the environment. Identification of Alcohols and Phenols This Lab Report Identification of Alcohols and Phenols and other 64,+ term papers, college essay examples and free essays are available now on yunusemremert.com(1).